ABSTRACT
FLORA OF VIETNAM 21
ZINGIBERACEAE Lindl. 1835
(2 subfamilies, 3 tribe, 19 genera, 140 species, 3 varieties)
INTRODUCTION
Family Zingiberaceae Lindl. has 53 genera, 1300 species which have been distributed in tropical and subtropical warm humid climate. There are 19 genera, 140 species and 3 varietes reported from Vietnam, distributed in different regions of the country. Family Zingiberaceae is very important for its resource value having medicinal and other economically useful properties.
Various authors have contributed to the taxonomy of Zingiberaceae in the world such as: E. Kaempfer (1690), C. Linnaeus (1753), J. G. Koenig (1767), W. Roscoe (1807), W. Roxburg (1815), C. L. Blume (1823), G. Bentham & J. D. Hooker (1883), J. G. Baker (1894), H. N. Ridley (1899), K. Schumann (1904), R. E. Holttum (1950), B. T. Burtt & R. M. Smith (1972), A. Takhtajan (1996), D. J. Mablerley (2000), etc.
In Vietnam, there are also early research on Zingiberaceae by foreign authors such as J. Loureiro (1790), F. Gagnepain (1908). Subsequently, many Vietnamese authors also added to the taxonomy of Zingiberaceae for the flora of Vietnam such as Le Kha Ke (1975), Pham Hoang Ho (1972, 1993, 2000), Tran Van On (1994), Dao Lan Phuong (1995), Nguyen Quoc Binh (1994), Nguyen Tien Ban (1997), Nguyen Tien Ban & Nguyen Quoc Binh (2005), etc.
Also, there are some publications about the resource values of Zingiberaceae authored by Vo Van Chi (1991, 1997), Do Tat Loi (1995), Le Tran Duc (1997), Do Huy Bich & al. (2004), etc.
In the countries adjacent to Vietnam, several studies have been carried out for the classification Zingiberaceae by J. G. Baker (1894), J. K. Mangaly & M. Sabu (1993) (from India); C. A. Baker (1968) (from Indonesia); Wu Te-lin (1981, 2002), T. S. Quan (1985-1998), F. Ding (1980) (from China); and K. Larsen (1996) (from Thailand), etc.
Flora of Vietnam – Volume 21- Zingiberaceae Lindl. will be a full publication systematically compiled on the basis of decades of research. The surveys were conducted throughout the territory of Vietnam, especially in the regions had suitable conditions for the distribution of Zingiberaceae, and specimens were collected. Specimens and relevant literature were simultaneously studied in different libraries and herbaria such as Herbarium of Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hanoi, Vietnam (HN); Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam (HNU); National Institute of Medicinal Materials (HNPM); Hanoi University of Pharmacy (HNIP); Institute of Tropical Biology (HM); etc. and the foreign herbaria such as Botanical Instutite Komarov (LE), Botanical Institute Kunming, Academia Sinica, Kunming, Yunnan, China (KUN); Institute of Guangxi Botany, Guangxi, China (KBI).
This book has 492 pages that includes introduction, morphology of representatives in Vietnam, classification systems, keys to genra and species. Each taxon has been treated with updated nomenclature, synonyms, morphological characteristics, types, biology and ecology, domestic and foreign distribution, examined specimens, economic value, comments (if available).
Besides 142 detailed drawings about morphological characteristics and species, this also has 82 pictures, Latin and Vietnamese names in the references. This also has an introduction in English (taxonomic key for taxon identification).Đọc ngữ âm
There are some documents, drawings, pictures of the other authors which have been cited with acknowledgements in this book.
I. CHECK LIST OF THE TAXA IN FAMILY ZINGIBERACEAE Lindl.
IN VIETNAM
(2 subfam., 3 trib., 19 gen 140 sp., 3 var.)
Subfam.1. ALPINIOIDEAE (1 trib. 8 gen. 64 sp.)
Trib.1. ALPINIEAE Meisn. (8 gen. 64 sp.)
1. ALPINIA Roxb. (31 sp.)
1.1. Alpinia globosa (Lour.) Horan. (fig. 10)
1.2. Alpinia officinarum Hance (fig. 11)
1.3. Alpinia conchigera Griff. (fig. 12, photo 10)
1.4. Alpinia siamensis K. Schum. (fig. 13)
1.5. Alpinia menghaiensis S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia (fig. 14, photo 11)
1.6. Alpinia macroura K. Schum. (fig. 15, photo 12)
1.7. Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Rosc. (fig. 16, photo 13)
1.8. Alpinia gagnepainii K. Schum. (fig. 17, photo 14)
1.9. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & R. M. Smith (fig. 18, photo 15)
1.10. Alpinia breviligulata (Gagnep.) Gagnep. (fig. 19, photo 16)
1.11. Alpinia velutina Ridl. (fig. 20)
1.12. Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (fig. 21, photo 18)
1.13. Alpinia mutica Roxb. (fig. 22, photo 19)
1.14. Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (fig. 23)
1.15. Alpinia pumila Hook. f. (fig. 24, photo 17)
1.16. Alpinia kwangsiensis T. L. Wu & S. J. Chen (fig. 25, photo 20)
1.17. Alpinia hainanensis K. Schum. (fig. 26)
1.18. Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schum. (fig. 27, photo 21)
1.19. Alpinia stachyoides Hance (fig. 28)
1.20. Alpinia pinnanensis Wu Te-lin & S. J. Chen (fig. 29, photo 22)
1.21. Alpinia strobiliformis Wu Te-lin & S. J. Chen (fig. 30, photo 23)
1.22. Alpinia hirsuta (Lour.) Horan.
1.23. Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (fig. 31, photo 24)
1.24. Alpinia oxymitra K. Schum. (fig. 32, photo 25)
1.25. Alpinia calcicola Q. B. Nguyen & M. F. Newman (fig. 33, photo 26)
1.26. Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata (fig. 34, photo 27)
1.27. Alpinia phuthoensis Gagnep. (fig. 35)
1.28. Alpinia intermedia Gagnep. (fig. 36, photo 28)
1.29. Alpinia maclurei Merr. (fig. 37, photo 29)
1.30. Alpinia tonkinensis Gagnep. (fig. 38, photo 30)
1.31. Alpinia latilabris Ridl. (fig. 39, photo 31)
2. SILIQUAMOMUM Baill. (2 sp.)
2.1. Siliquamomum tonkinense Baill. (fig. 40, photo 32)
2.2. Siliquamomum oreodoxa N. S. Ly & Škornick, 2010
3. HORNSTEDTIA Retz. (1 sp.)
3.1. Hornstedtia sanhan M. Newman (fig. 41, photo 33)
4. ETLINGERA Giseke (4 sp.)
4.1. Etlingera harmandii (Gagnep.) R. M. Smith (fig. 42)
4.2. Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R. M. Smith (fig. 43)
4.3. Etlingera littoralis (Koenig) Giseke (fig. 44, photo 34)
4.4. Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R. M. Smith (fig. 45)
5. AMOMUM Roxb. nom. cons. (21 sp.)
5.1. Amomum aculeatum Roxb.
5.2. Amomum vespertilio Gagnep. (fig. 46)
5.3. Amomum muricarpum Elmer (fig. 47, photo 35)
5.4. Amomum truncatum Gagnep. (fig. 48)
5.5. Amomum lacteum Ridl. (fig. 49)
5.6. Amomum ovoideum Pierre ex Gagnep. (fig. 50)
5.7. Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu (fig. 51, photo 36)
5.8. Amomum elephantorum Pierre ex Gagnep. (fig. 52)
5.9. Amomum gagnepainii T. L. Wu, K. Larsen & N. J. Turland (fig. 53, photo 37)
5.10. Amomum aurantiacum H. T. Tsai & S. W. Zhao (fig. 54)
5.11. Amomum biflorum Jack (fig. 55, photo 38)
5.12. Amomum villosum Lour. (fig. 56, photo 39)
5.13. Amomum xanthioides Wall. [1832, nom. nud.] ex Baker (fig. 57, photo 40)
5.14. Amomum lappaceum Ridl. (fig. 58)
5.15. Amomum tomrey Gagnep. (fig. 59)
5.16. Amomum kwangsiense D. Fang & X. X. Chen (fig. 60)
5.17. Amomum aromaticum Roxb. (fig. 61, photo 41)
5.18. Amomum testaceum Ridl. (fig. 62)
5.19. Amomum mengtzense H. T. Tsai & P. S. Chen (fig. 63, photo 42)
5.20. Amomum maximum Roxb. (fig. 64, photo 43)
5.21. Amomum repoeense Pierre ex Gagnep. (fig. 65, photo 44)
6. GEOSTACHYS (Baker) Ridl. (2 sp.)
6.1. Geostachys annamensis Ridl. (fig. 66)
6.2. Geostachys pierreanum Gagnep. (fig. 67)
7. ELETTARIA (L.) Maton (1 sp.)
7.1. Elettaria cardamomum Maton (fig. 68)
8. ELETTARIOPSIS Baker (2 sp.)
8.1. Elettariopsis triloba (Gagnep.) Loes. (fig. 69)
8.2. Elettariopsis unifolia (Gagnep.) M. F. Newman (fig. 70)
Subfam.2. ZINGIBEROIDEAE (2 trib. 11 gen. 76 sp., 3 var.)
Trib.2. ZINGIBEREAE (9 gen. 60 sp., 1 var.)
9. ZINGIBER Boehm. (14 sp.)
9.1. Zingiber pellitum Gagnep. (fig. 71, photo 45)
9.2. Zingiber rufopilosum Gagnep. (fig. 72, photo 46)
9.3. Zingiber monophyllum Gagnep. (fig. 73)
9.4. Zingiber collinsii J. Mood & I. Theilade (fig. 74, photo 47)
9.5. Zingiber officinale Rosc. (fig. 75, photo 48)
9.6. Zingiber eberhardtii Gagnep. (fig. 76)
9.7. Zingiber laoticum Gagnep. (fig. 77)
9.8. Zingiber gramineum Noronha (fig. 78)
9.9. Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Rosc. (fig. 79, photo 49)
9.10. Zingiber montanum (Koenig) Link ex A. Dietr. (fig. 80, photo 50)
9.11. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith (fig. 81, photo 51)
9.12. Zingiber cochinchinense Gagnep. (fig. 82)
9.13. Zingiber acuminatum Val. (fig. 83)
9.14. Zingiber rubens Roxb. (fig. 84, photo 52)
10. STAHLIANTHUS O. Ktunze (2 sp.)
10.1. Stahlianthus campanulatus O. Kuntze (fig. 85, photo 53)
10.2. Stahlianthus thorelii Gagnep. (fig. 86)
11. CURCUMA L. nom. cons. (19 sp.)
11.1. Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. (fig. 87, photo 54)
11.2. Curcuma sparganifolia Gagnep. (fig. 88)
11.3. Curcuma kwangsiensis S. G. Lee & C. F. Liang (fig. 89, photo 55)
11.4. Curcuma cochinchinensis Gagnep. (fig. 90)
11.5. Curcuma thorelii Gagnep. (fig. 91, photo 56)
11.6. Curcuma harmandii Gagnep. (fig. 92)
11.7. Curcuma longa L. (fig. 93, photo 57)
11.8. Curcuma rhomba K. Larsen & J. Mood (fig. 94)
11.9. Curcuma pierreana Gagnep. (fig. 95, photo 58)
11.10. Curcuma stenochila Gagnep. (fig. 96)
11.11. Curcuma gracillima Gagnep. (fig. 97)
11.12. Curcuma parviflora Wall. (fig. 98)
11.13. Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. (fig. 99, photo 59)
11.14. Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. (fig. 100)
11.15. Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Rosc. (photo 60)
11.16. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (fig. 101)
11.17. Curcuma trichosantha Gagnep. (fig. 102)
11.18. Curcuma elata Roxb. (fig. 103)
11.19. Curcuma aromatica Salisb. (fig. 104, photo 61)
12. HEDYCHIUM Koen. (12 species, 1 var.)
12.1. Hedychium ellipticum Buch.-Ham. ex Smith (fig. 105, photo 62)
12.2. Hedychium poilanii K. Larsen (fig. 106)
12.3. Hedychium coronarium Koenig (fig. 107, photo 63)
12.4. Hedychium flavum Roxb. (fig. 108, photo 64)
12.5. Hedychium flavescens Carey (fig. 109)
12.6. Hedychium bousigonianum Pierre ex Gagnep. (fig. 110)
12.7. Hedychium yunnanense Gagnep. (fig. 111)
12.8. Hedychium stenopetalum Lodd. (fig. 112)
12.9. Hedychium villosum Wall. (fig. 113, photo 65)
12.10. Hedychium coccineum Buch.-Ham. ex Smith (fig. 114, photo 66)
12.11. Hedychium forrestii Diels
12.11a. Hedychium forrestii Diels var. latelabracteatum K. Larsen (fig. 115, photo 67)
12.12. Hedychium gardnerianum Rosc. (fig. 116)
13. CAULOKAEMPFERIA K. Larsen (1 sp.)
13.1. Caulokaempferia petelotii K. Larsen (fig. 117, photo 68)
14. CAUTLEYA (Benth.) Royle ex Hook. f. (1 sp.)
14.1. Cautleya gracilis (Smith) Dandy (fig. 118, photo 69)
15. BOESENBERGIA Kuntze (1 sp.)
15.1. Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. (fig. 119, photo 70)
16. DISTICHOCHLAMYS M. F. Newman (3 sp.)
16.1. Distichochlamys citrea M. F. Newman (fig. 120, photo 71)
16.2. Distichochlamys orlowii K. Larsen & M. F. Newman (fig. 121, photo 72)
16.3. Distichochlamys rubrostriata W. J. Kress & Rehse (fig. 122, photo 73)
17. KAEMPFERIA L. (7 sp.)
17.1. Kaempferia candida Wall.
17.2. Kaempferia rotunda L. (fig. 123, photo 74)
17.3. Kaempferia fallax Gagnep. (fig. 124)
17.4. Kaempferia fissa Gagnep. (fig. 125)
17.5. Kaempferia elegans (Wall.) Baker (fig. 126)
17.6. Kaempferia angustifolia Rosc. (fig. 127)
17.7. Kaempferia galanga L. (fig. 128, photo 75)
Trib. 3. GLOBBEAE Meisn. (2 gen., 16 sp., 2 var.)
18. GLOBBA L. (14 sp., 2 var.)
18.1. Globba pendula Roxb. (fig. 129, photo 76)
18.2. Globba macrocarpa Gagnep. (fig. 130, photo 77)
18.3. Globba pyramidata Gagnep. (fig. 131)
18.4. Globba siamensis (Hemsl.) Hemsl. (fig. 132)
18.5. Globba rosea Gagnep. (fig. 133)
18.6. Globba adhaerens Gagnep. (fig. 134, photo 78)
18.7. Globba villosula Gagnep.
18.8. Globba annamensis Gagnep. (fig. 135, photo 79)
18.9. Globba schomburgkii Hook. f. (fig. 136, photo 80)
18.9a. Globba schomburgkii var. angustata Gagnep.
18.10. Globba marantina L. (fig. 137, photo 81)
18.10a. Globba marantina var. pauciflora Gagnep.
18.11. Globba globulifera Gagnep. (fig. 138, photo 82)
18.12. Globba parva Gagnep. (fig. 139)
18.13. Globba bicolor Gagnep. (fig. 140)
18.14. Globba cambodgensis Gagnep. (fig. 141)
19. GAGNEPAINIA K. Schum. (2 sp.)
19.1. Gagnepainia harmandii (Baill.) K. Schum.
19.2. Gagnepainia thoreliana K. Schum. (fig. 142
II. KEY TO THE SUBFAMILY, TRIBES AND GENERA OF ZINGIBERACEAE Lindl. IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Lateral staminodes reduced or forming teeth, subulate, rarely narrowly ovate |
(Subfam.1. ALPINIOIDEAE) (Trib.1. Alpinieae). |
| 2A. |
Inflorescence terminal on pseudostems. |
|
| 3A. |
Lateral staminodes reduced or tooth form, subulate; capsule globose, oval, rarely fusiform. |
1. ALPINIA |
| 3B. |
Lateral staminodes narrow obovate; capsule siliquose |
2. SILIQUAMOMUM |
| 2B. |
Inflorescence on separate shoots arising from rhizomes. |
|
| 4A. |
Multiple flowers, arranged closed on the inflorescence axis; bracts imbricated. |
|
| 5A. |
Bracteoles open to basal |
3. HORNSTEDTIA |
| 5B. |
Bracteoles tube. |
|
| 6A. |
Flowers arranged in concentric circles on a flat base; labellum spoonform or tonguaform |
4. ETLINGERA |
| 6B. |
Flowers arranged along the inflorescence axis; labellum globose, ovate or oval |
5. AMOMUM |
| 4B. |
Fewer flowers, arranged sparsely on the inflorescence axis; bracts not imbricated. |
|
| 7A. |
Bracteoles tube; upper calyx split on 1 side |
6. GEOSTACHYS |
| 7B. |
Bracteoles open to basal; upper calyx split into 2-3 short tooth. |
|
| 8A. |
Inflorescence axis slender, longged, curved down; bracts subtending a cincinnus of 3-4 flowers. |
7. ELETTARIA |
| 8B. |
Inflorescence axis very short, erect; bracts subtending a cincinnus of 1-2 flowers |
8. ELETTARIOPSIS |
| 1B. |
Lateral staminodes petaloid, rarely foming subulate |
(Subfam.2. ZINGIBEROIDEAE) |
| 9A. |
Ovary 3-loculed, placentation axile |
(Trib.2. Zingibereae). |
| 10A. |
Lateral staminodes petaloid adnate with labellum; style wrapped around by anther connective elongate |
9. ZINGIBER |
| 10B. |
Lateral staminodes petaloid not adnate with labellum; style not wrapped around by anther connective elongate. |
|
| 11A. |
Inflorescence surrround by a campanulate involucre |
10. STAHLIANTHUS |
| 11B. |
Inflorescence without a campanulate involucre. |
|
| 12A. |
Bracts connate lateral for 1/2 under into forming pouches |
11. CURCUMA |
| 12B. |
Bracts not connate into forming pouches. |
|
| 13A. |
Inflorescence terminal on pseudostems |
|
| 14A. |
Bracteoles tubular |
12. HEDYCHIUM |
| 14B. |
Bracteoles not tubular, open to base or reduction. |
|
| 15A. |
Bracts large, concave, each subtending a cincinus of 1-4 flowers; basal 2 lateral lobed not adnate to labellum |
13. CAULOKAEMPFERIA |
| 15B. |
Bracts boat-shaped each subtending 1 flower; basal 2-lobed adnate to labellum |
14. CAUTLEYA |
| 13B. |
Inflorescence lateral or on between leaf sheath. |
|
| 16A. |
Bracts distichious. |
|
| 17A. |
Labellum usually concave into forming pouches, margin vavy, apex not split lobed |
15. BOESENBERGIA |
| 17B. |
Labellum not concave into forming pouches, margin erect, apex 2-lobed |
16. DISTICHOCHLAMYS |
| 16B. |
Bracts twisted |
17. KAEMPFERIA |
| 9B. |
Ovary 1-loculed, placentation parietal |
(Trib.3. Globbeae). |
| 18A. |
Labellum emarginate or 2-lobed, absent centre lobe; inflorescence terminal |
18. GLOBBA |
| 18B. |
Labellum 3-lobed, centre lobe filiform, 2-lateral lobed petaloid form; inflorescence from base of stem. |
19. GAGNEPAINIA |
III. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ZINGIBERACEAE IN VIETNAM
3.1. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ALPINIA IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Connective appendage not prolonged into crest. |
|
| 2A. |
Inflorescence panicle. |
|
| 3A. |
Bracteoles scalelike, less than 1 mm. |
|
| 4A. |
Inflorescence several branches. |
1. A. globosa |
| 4B. |
Inflorescence not branching |
2. A. officinarum |
| 3B. |
Bracteoles not scalelike, longer than 1 mm. |
|
| 5A. |
Bracteoles not open to the base, funnel or tube form. |
|
| 6A. |
Labellum obovate, 4-5 mm long, apex split into 3-lobes; epigynous glands cone obtuse, rough |
3. A. conchigera |
| 6B. |
Labellum elliptic, 8-10 mm long, apex short 2-cleft; epigynous glands narrow elliptic, thick slab |
4. A. siamensis |
| 5B. |
Bracteoles open to the base, not funnel or tube form. |
|
| 7A. |
Calyx tubular apex divided 4-lobes |
5. A. menghaiensis |
| 7B. |
Calyx tubular apex divided 3-lobes. |
|
| 8A. |
Bracts reducted or to 1 mm long. |
|
| 9A. |
Leaf blade abaxial hairy. |
|
| 10A. |
Inflorescence branching; staminodes slender, to 4 mm long |
6. A. macroura |
| 10B. |
Inflorescence not branching; staminodes reduced become form callosum |
7. A. malaccensis |
| 9B. |
Leaf blade abaxial glabrous (except margin and edge of leaf blade apex spines or hairy). |
|
| 11A. |
Calyx split oblique on one side. |
|
| 12A. |
Leaf sessile; corolla lobes 1.5-1.8 cm |
8. A. gagnepainii |
| 12B. |
Leaf petiole 1-2 cm; corolla lobes 3-3.5 cm |
9. A. zerumbet |
| 11B. |
Calyx not split oblique on one side. |
|
| 13A. |
Corolla tubular 0.8-1 cm |
10. A. breviligulata |
| 13B. |
Corolla tubular 1.8-2 cm |
11. A. velutina |
| 8B. |
Bract longer than 1 mm. |
|
| 14A. |
Calyx tubeform, 7-8 mm long; labellum white, apex split deep 1/2 length into 2-lobes |
12. A. galanga |
| 14B. |
Calyx funnel-form, 1.5-2 cm long; labellum yellow, many red spot, top 3-lobes no clear |
13. A. mutica |
.....................................................................
2B. Inflorescence racemes or spike-like.
15A. Inflorescence racemes.
16A. Bracteoles reduced; calyx tube 0.8-1.2 cm.
17A. Leaf adaxial not green-white stripes and dark green interleaved; labellum 1.8-2.5 cm; filament 2-2.3 cm............................................................................... 14. A. oxyphylla
17B. Leaf adaxial green-white stripes and dark green interleaved; labellum
1-1.2 cm; filament 0.8-1 cm ................................................ 15. A. pumila
16B. Bracteoles 2-4 cm; calyx tube 1.8-3 cm.
18A. Leaf peotile 4-8 cm; corolla tubular 1.8-2 cm............ 16. A. kwangsiensis
18B. Leaf peotile 0.5-2 cm; corolla tubular dài 2.5-3 cm.
19A. Bract 4-4.5 cm; corolla tubular 1-1.2 cm; filament 1.3-1.5 cm...............
......................................................................................... 17. A. hainanensis
19B. Bract reduced; corolla tubular 2.2-2.5 cm; filament 6-8 mm..................
..................................................................................... 18. A. blepharocalyx
15B. Inflorescence spike-like.
20A. Leaf blade glabrous, except margin and apex leaf blade; labellum longer than corolla lobes 19. A. stachyoides
20B. Leaf blade abaxial dense hairs; labellum nearly equal corolla lobes.
21A. Leaf petiole 2.5-4.5 cm; inflorescence spike-like nearly cylindrical...........
...................................................................................... 20. A. pinnanensis
21B. Leaf petiole to 1 cm long; inflorescence spike-like, suborcubilar or cone-like 21. A. strobiliformis
1B. Connective appendage prolonged into crest.
22A. Apex calyx tube divided into 4 lobes tooth form; labellum divided into 4 lobes.
......................................................................................................... 22 A. hirsuta
22B. Apex calyx tube divided into 2-3 lobes tooth form; labellum undivided into 4 lobes.
23A. Bracts no scarlet; top calyx tube split into 2 lobes tooth form.........................
............................................................................................. 23. A. purpurata
23B. Bracts scarlet; top calyx tube split into 3 lobes tooth form.
24A. Leaf sessile or less than 1 cm long.
25A. Capsule fusiform, 10-12 floating edge............................ 24. A. oxymitra
25B. Capsule oval or globose, not floating edge.
26A. Bracteoles 1.2-1.4 × 0.8-1 cm, subtending 2-3 flowers. 25. A. calcicola
26B. Bracteoles 2-4 × 1-2 mm, subtending 1 flower........ 26. A. oblongifolia
24B. Leaf petiole longer over 1 cm.
27A. Bract 4-6 cm; labellum entire..................................... 27. A. phuthoensis
27B. Bract under 4 cm long or reduced; labellum spit 2-3 lobes
28A. Ligule 0.4-0.6 cm long............................................... 28. A. intermedia
28B. Ligule longer over 1 cm.
29A. Bracteoles 7-8 mm; corolla lobes 1-1.2 cm................. 29. A. maclurei
29B. Bracteoles 1.2-3.5 cm; corolla lobes 1.5-3.8 cm.
30A. Bracteoles 1.2-1.4 cm; calyx 8-9 mm; corolla lobes 1.5-1.8 cm........
.............................................................................. 30. A. tonkinensis
30B. Bracteoles 3-3.5 cm; calyx 2-2.5 cm; corolla lobes 3.2-3.8 cm.........
.................................................................................. 31. A. latilabris
3.2. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SILIQUAMOMUM IN VIETNAM
1A. Leaf petiole 2.5-9 cm; lateral staminodes 8-9 mm........................... 1. S. tonkinense
1B. Leaf petiole 1-2 cm; lateral staminodes 19-21 mm.............................. 2. S. oreodoxa
3.3. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HORNSTEDTIA IN VIETNAM
Bracteoles open to basal................................................................................. 1. H. sanhan
3.4. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ETLINGERA IN VIETNAM
1A. Labellum spoon-like or fusiform, 5.5-6.5 cm, widest to 1.5 cm, length than wide 3.5-4 times; filament shorter or longer than anthers.
2A. Bract equal bracteole; filament longer anther............................... 1. E. harmandii
2B. Bract longer bracteole; filament shorter anther................................. 2. E. punicea
1B. Labellum oval or long oval, 3.2-5.5 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, length than wide 2-3 times; filament long as anther.
3A. Leaf blade 50-70 × 9-15 cm; apex labellum crenale ....................... 3. E. littoralis
3B. Leaf blade 30-45 × 5-8 cm; apex labellum entire........................... 4. E. pavieana
3.5. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF AMOMUM IN VIETNAM
1A. Capsule soft spines.
2A. Connective appendage extending crest.
3A. Not lobed crest.
4A. Calyx tube 1.4-1.9 cm; corolla 1.7-2.2 cm.
5A. Leaf petiole 4-5 mm; leaf blade 30-42 × 5-9 cm...................... 1. A. aculeatum
5B. Leaf petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade 40-60 × 10-16 cm................... 2. A. vespertilio
4B. Calyx tube 2.3-3 cm; corolla tube 2.3-3.5 cm.
6A. Leaf blade 25-35 × 6-8 cm; staminodes subulate................. 3. A. muricarpum
6B. Leaf blade 80-90 × 7-9 cm; staminodes reduced..................... 4. A. truncatum
3B. Crested 2 - 3 lobes.
7A. Crested 2-lobes.
8A. Labellum 6-7 × 5-6 mm, broad obovate; corolla lobes 4-5 mm... 5. A. lacteum
8B. Labellum 10-11 × 8-9 mm, cuneiform; corolla lobes 8-10 mm.........................
................................................................................................... 6. A. ovoideum
7B. Crested 3-lobes.
9A. Ligule 3.5-5 cm; capsule purple-brown................................ 7. A. longiligulare
9B. Ligule under 8 mm; capsule brown-red or green-yellow.
10A. Inflorescence peduncle longer 25 cm.
11A. Bracts broad oval or suborcubilar, 5-6 cm long; staminodes 4.................
.................................................................................... 8. A. elephantorum
11B. Bracts lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm long; staminodes 2............ 9. A. gagnepainii
10B. Inflorescence peduncle to 8 cm long.
12A. Bracts 1-1.6 cm; staminodes reduced or 5-6 mm long.
13A. Calyx 6-8 mm; corolla tube 8-10 mm; staminodes subulate 5-6 mm...
.................................................................................. 10. A. aurantiacum
13B. Calyx 2-2.5 cm; corolla tube 3-3.5 cm; staminodes full redution.........
......................................................................................... 11. A. biflorum
12B. Bract 1.8-2.5 cm; staminodes like 2-flange.
14A. Pseudostems basal red-brown; capsule red-brown...... 12. A. villosum
14B. Pseudostems basal green; capsule green-yellow..... 13. A. xanthioides
2B. Connective appendage not prolonged into crest........................... 14. A. lappaceum
1B. Capsule glabrous or winged.
15A. Capsule glabrous.
16A. Leaf petiole equal ligule, 2-2.3 cm............................................... 15. A. tomrey
16B. Leaf petiole reduced or shorter ligule, ligule 0.7-1.2 cm.
17A. Leaf blade hairy at abaxial middle vein; leaf sessile; ligule 2-4 mm.............
........................................................................................... 16. A. kwangsiense
17B. Leaf blade glabrous; leaf petiole short or reduced; ligule 0.7-1.2 cm.
18A. Ovary glabrous; capsule broad oval, 2-4 cm diammeter, red-brown.........
.................................................................................. 17. A. aromaticum
18B. Ovary long tomentosa; capsule globose, 1.4-1.6 cm diameter, white or pale yellow 18. A. testaceum
15B. Capsule winged.
19A. Inflorescence peduncle 15-35 cm......................................... 19. A. mengtzense
19B. Inflorescence peduncle 5-9 cm.
20A. Labellum ovate, entire; bracts 2-2.5 cm............................. 20. A. maximum
20B. Labellum 3-short lobes, middle lobe emarginate; bracts 1.2-1.4 cm..............
................................................................................................ 21. A. repoeense
3.6. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GEOSTACHYS IN VIETNAM
1A. Pseudostem 50-60 cm; bracteoles tubular, 1.8-2.1 cm; filament longer anther...........
......................................................................................................... 1. G. annamensis
1B. Pseudostem 0.8-1 m; bracteole fusiform, 2.8-3 cm; filamet shorter anther ................
......................................................................................................... 2. G. pierreanum
3.7. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELETTARIA IN VIETNAM
| Inflorescences axis slender, longed, curved down; bracts subtending a cincinnus of 3-4 flowers |
1. E. cardamomum |
3.8. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELETTARIOPSIS IN VIETNAM
1A. Pseudostem 60-80 cm; leaves 4-7; calyx 4-4.5 cm.................................. 1. E. triloba
1B. Pseudostem 30-35 cm; 1 leaf, reraly 2 leaves; calyx to 3 cm long......... 2. E. unifolia
3.9. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ZINGIBER IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Inflorescence terminal on pseudostem. |
|
| 2A. |
Labellum 3 lobed; leaf white hairy both on surface; leaves sheath white hairy |
1. Z. pellitum |
| 2B. |
Labellum 2 lobed; leaves hairy reddish at basal and margin; leaf blade hairy reddish |
2. Z. rufopilosum |
| 1B. |
Inflorescence rising from rhizome. |
|
| 3A. |
Leaf blade glabrous on surface. |
|
| 4A. |
Leaves 1(-2) only; petiole 15-22 cm long |
3. Z. monophyllum |
| 4B. |
Leaves more than 2; petiole (if have), no longer than 1 cm. |
|
| 5A. |
Ligule 1.8-2 cm; peduncle of inflorescence 3-5 cm |
4. Z. collinsii |
| 5B. |
Ligule 0.2-1.2 cm; peduncle of inflorescence 10-30 cm. |
|
| 6A. |
Petioles 4-6 mm; bracts and bracteole equally |
5. Z. officinale |
| 6B. |
Leaf sessile; bracts and bracteole unequal. |
|
| 7A. |
Calyx tube form, 1-1.2 cm, spit oplique, no teeth at apex; ovary glabrous |
6. Z. eberhardtii |
| 7B. |
Calyx tube form, 2.5-2.8 cm, no spit oplique, 3 rounded teeth at apex; ovary hairy dense |
7. Z. laoticum |
| 3B. |
Leaf blade hairy at least abaxial. |
|
| 8A. |
Leaf blade linear, length more than width 10-16 times |
8. Z. gramineum |
| 8B. |
Leaf blade lanceolate or narrowly elliptic or long oval, length more than width 4-6 times. |
|
| 9A. |
Labellum white or pale yellow. |
|
| 10A. |
Bracts Bract dark puple or green at the apex |
9. Z. mioga |
| 10B. |
Bracts green, red or reddish brown. |
|
| 11A. |
Inflorescence fussiform, 10-14 × 3-3.5(-5) cm; bracts reddish brown; corolla tube more than lobes |
10. Z. montanum |
| 11B. |
Inflorescence ovate, 6-8 × 3-3.5 cm; bracts green or scarlet; corolla tube short than lobes |
11. Z. zerumbet |
| 9B. |
Labellum red spotted or with purple brown stripes. |
|
| 12A. |
Herbs 30-40 cm; corolla tube 1.7-1.9 cm |
12. Z. cochinchinense |
| 12B. |
Herbs 1-3.5 m; corolla tube 4.5-5 cm. |
|
| 13A. |
Inflorescence sharp rhomb, 10-16 cm long; calyx tube, yellow, to 4.5 cm long |
13. Z. acuminatum |
| 13B. |
Inflorescence large ovate, 5-6 cm long; calyx tube, pure white, to 1,2 cm long |
14. Z. rubens |
3.10. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STAHLIANTHUS IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Herbs 20-30 cm; involucre bract 4-5 cm long, split into 3 sharp lobes at apex. |
1. S. campanulatus |
| 1B. |
Herbs 8-10 cm; involucre bract 3-3.5 cm long, split into 2-lips at apex |
2. S. thorelii |
3.11. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CURCUMA IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Inflorescences between leaves. |
|
| 2A. |
Anther spurred at base. |
|
| 3A. |
Leaf blade or narrow lanceolate, length more than width 9-10 times or morre. |
|
| 4A. |
Coma bracts upper, tinged pink purple, fertile bract green under; labellum purple |
1. C. alismatifolia |
| 4B. |
All of bracts pink-violet; center labellum yellow, not pink-violet |
2. C. sparganifolia |
| 3B. |
Leaf blade elliptic, large oval or ovate, length more than 1.3-3.5 times. |
|
| 5A. |
Leaf blade abaxial pubescent. |
|
| 6A. |
Pseudostem to 1 m high; leaf blade 30-60 cm long; connective not prolonged into crest |
3. C. kwangsiensis |
| 6B. |
Pseudostem 40-60 cm high; leaf blade 20-30 cm long; connective prolonged upper into short crest. |
|
| 7A. |
Inflorescence peduncle 4-5 cm long; inflorescence ovoid, 3.5-6 cm long |
4. C. cochinchinensis |
| 7B. |
Inflorescence peduncle 20-25 cm long; inflorescence cylindrical, 12-16 cm long |
5. C. thorelii |
| 5B. |
Leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces. |
|
| 8A. |
Connective appendage not extend up above into crest. |
|
| 9A. |
All of bracts contains flower, green |
6. C. harmandii |
| 9B. |
Bracts containing or not containing flowers, white-green or white rose |
7. C. longa |
| 8B. |
Connective appendage extend up above into crest. |
|
| 10A. |
Herbs 0.6-1.1 m high |
8. C. rhomba |
| 10B. |
Herbs to 20-40 cm high. |
|
| 11A. |
Herba to 20 cm high; labellum white, midvein yellow |
9. C. pierreana |
| 11B. |
Herba 35-40 cm high |
10. C. stenochila |
| 2B. |
Anther base without spurred. |
|
| 12A. |
Leaf blade linear, length more than width 6-18 times |
11. C. gracillima |
| 12B. |
Leaf blade ovate or elliptic, length more than width not over 3-4 times |
12. C. parviflora |
| 1B. |
Inflorescence on separate shoots arising from rhizomes. |
|
| 13A. |
Along both of sides on midvein adaxial red-brown. |
|
| 14A. |
Leaf sessile; rhizome cross section blue-grey. |
13. C. aeruginosa |
| 14B. |
Petiole 1-30 cm long; rhizome cross section yellow or orange. |
|
| 15A. |
Bracts fertile 2.8-3 cm long, short than width, pale colour. |
14. C. zanthorrhiza |
| 15B. |
Bracts fertile 4-5 cm long, elliptic or lanceolate, pale colour, margin red |
15. C. zedoaria |
| 13B. |
Along both of sides on midvein adaxial not red-brown. |
|
| 16A. |
Herbs to 50 cm high; leaf blade 15-30 cm. |
|
| 17A. |
Petiole 12-15 cm; corolla lobes 1.2-1.5 cm; labellum oval, 10-11 mm long |
16. C. angustifolia |
| 17B. |
Leaf sessile; corolla lobes to 8 mm long; labellum suborbicular, 6-8 mm diameter |
17. C. trichosantha |
| 16B. |
Herbs 1 m or more; leaf blade 30-100 cm long. |
|
| 18A. |
Coma bracts under, white blue; bracts fertile upper, white roses |
(3. C. kwangsiensis) |
| 18B. |
Coma bract upper, white roses hay white violet, bracts fertile under, green |
|
| 19A. |
Bract fertile suborcubilar, 5-6 cm diameter |
18. C. elata |
| 19B. |
Bract fertile elliptic, 4.5-5 × 2-2.5 cm |
19. C. aromatica |
3.12. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF HEDYCHIUM IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Bracts imbricate, large, cover inflorescence axis. |
|
| 2A. |
Bract subtending 1 flower |
1. H. ellipticum |
| 2B. |
Bract 2-6 flowers. |
|
| 3A. |
Flowers white. |
|
| 4A. |
Glabrous on both surface; calyx tube 5.5-6 cm long; filament 5-6 cm long, white at base, light red upper. |
2. H. poilanii |
| 4B. |
Leaf abaxial sparsely hairy; calyx tube 2.7-4 cm long; filament 2.8-3 cm long, white |
3. H. coronarium |
| 3B. |
Flower yellow. |
|
| 5A. |
Leaf abaxial glarous; corolla tube 7-8 cm long, corolla lobes 3-3.2 cm long; labellum width longer than length |
4. H. flavum |
| 5B. |
Leaf abaxial hairy; corolla tube 5-7 cm long, corolla lobes 2.5-3 cm long; width of labellum shorter or equally the length |
5. H. flavescens |
| 1B. |
Bracts arranged sparse or close, not imbricate. |
|
| 6A. |
Bract subtending 1 flower. |
|
| 7A. |
Calyx tube 3-3.5 cm; corolla tube 6-6.5 cm; staminodes 4-4.2 cm long |
6. H. bousigonianum |
| 7B. |
Calyx tube 1.7-2.8 cm; corolla tube 3.5-5 cm; staminodes 2.5-2.7 cm long. |
7. H. yunnanense |
| 6B. |
Bract subtending more 1 flower. |
|
| 8A. |
Flower white. |
|
| 9A. |
Leaf sessile; ligule 1.5-3 cm; bracts 5-6.5 cm long |
8. H. stenopetalum |
| 9B. |
Leaf petiole 1-2 cm; ligule 3.5-5 cm; bracts 1.5-2.5 cm long |
9. H. villosum |
| 8B. |
Flowers yellow or red. |
|
| 10A. |
Flowers red; lateral staminodes 2.2-2.5 cm long |
10. H. coccineum |
| 10B. |
Flowers yellow; lateral staminodes 2.5-4 cm long. |
|
| 11A. |
Calyx 4-5 cm long; corolla tube 4.5-5 cm long; filament 3-4 cm long |
11. H. forrestii
H. forrestii var. forrestii
11a. H. forrestii var. latelabracteatum
|
| 11B. |
Calyx 3-3.5 cm long, corolla tube 5-5.5 cm long; filament 5-6.5 cm long. |
12. H. gardnerianum |
3.13. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CAULOKAEMPFERIA IN VIETNAM
| Bracts large, concave, each subtending a cincinnus of 1-4 flowers; basal 2-lateral lobed not adnate to labellum |
1. C. petelotii |
3.14. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CAUTLEYA IN VIETNAM
| Bracts boat-shaped each subtending 1 flower; basal 2-lobed adnate to labellum. |
1. C. gracilis |
3.15. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BOESENBERGIA IN VIETNAM
| Labellum usually concave into forming pouches, margin vavy, apex not split lobed |
1. B. rotunda |
3.16. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DISTICHOCHLAMYS IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Bracts spreading, less imbricate; labellum lobes split deep at least 1/2 length |
1. D. citrea |
| 1B. |
Bracts press against of inflorescens axis, imbricate much overlap; labellum split short, not over 1/2 length. |
|
| 2A. |
Lateral staminodes width not over 6 mm, red-yellow; labellum yellow, vein red and middle band dark yellow; anther not crest. |
2. D. orlowii |
| 2B. |
Lateral staminodes to 10 mm width, yellow with bands red 1/3 long from basal up; labellum yellow, not vein red and middle band dark yellow; anthers crested |
3. D. rubrostriata |
3.17. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF KAEMPFERIA IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Inflorescences rising from rhizomes, appear before leaves. |
|
| 2A. |
Bracts ovate or oval; connective extends over into crest, clearly divided into two lobes. |
|
| 3A. |
Labellum white, basal yellow; leaf blade abaxial no reddish-brown, hairless |
1. K. candida |
| 3B. |
Labellum pinkish purple, leaf blade abaxial reddish-brown, hairy. |
2. K. rotunda |
| 2B. |
Bracts linear; connective extends over into crested square, apex vavy or light marginate. |
|
| 4A. |
Calyx 6-7 cm; corolla tube 10-12 cm; corolla lobes 2.8-3 cm |
3. K. fallax |
| 4B. |
Calyx 3-4 cm; corolla 6-7 cm; corolla lobes 2-2.2 cm |
4. K. fissa |
| 1B. |
Inflorescence rising between leaves, appear after leaves. |
|
| 5A. |
Inflorescence peduncle 3-4 cm or more; staminodes violet. |
5. K. elegans |
| 5B. |
Inflorescence no peduncle; staminodes white. |
|
| 6A. |
Leaf blade elliptic or oval, size 14-20 × 3-5(-7-8) cm; labellum violet, center many small pink spots |
6. K. angustifolia |
| 6B. |
Leaf blade suborcubilar, size 8-10(-15) × 6-7(-10) cm; labellum white, large purple spot toward the basal |
7. K. galanga |
3.18. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GLOBBA IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Outer margin each anther have a sharp wing. |
|
| 2A. |
Bracts not imbricate. |
|
| 3A. |
Racemes with branches, branches not meander, each branch have 1-3 flowers; flower sessile |
1. G. pendula |
| 3B. |
Racemes with branches meander, each branch have 3-5 flowers; pedicels 1-2 mm long |
2. G. macrocarpa |
| 2B. |
Bracts imbricated. |
3. G. pyramidata |
| 1B. |
Outer margin each anther have two sharp wing. |
|
| 4A. |
Rarely with bulbils. |
|
| 5A. |
Leaf with hairy on both surface; bracts not imbricate; flower arranged sparse on the axis. |
|
| 6A. |
Calyx tube, smooth; corolla smooth. |
|
| 7A. |
Leaf blade very small, 1-3 cm × 4-5 mm; corolla tube 8-10 mm long |
4. G. siamensis |
| 7B. |
Leaf blade bigger, 8-10 × 2-2.5 cm; corolla tube 1.6-1.8 cm long |
5. G. rosea |
| 6B. |
Calyx campanulate, pubescence; corolla with sparsely pubescence. |
|
| 8A. |
Herba 35-40 cm; petioles 1-2 mm long |
6. G. adhaerens |
| 8B. |
Herba 40-90 cm; leaf sessile |
7. G. villosula |
| 5B. |
Leaf adaxially glabrous, abaxially thin pubescence; bracts imbricate; flowers arranged closed on the axis |
8. G. annamensis |
| 4B. |
Always with bulbils. |
|
| 9A. |
Bulbil globose or ovate, bracts without white colour. |
|
| 10A. |
Bracts green. |
|
| 11A. |
Leaf blade hairy on both surface; calyx tube and corolla tube not hairy. |
9. G. schomburgkii |
| |
- Inflorescence finer; bracts unfertile further and narrower than the type species |
9a. G. schomburgkii var. angustata |
| 11B. |
Leaf blade abaxially woolly, adaxially adaxially hairy along the main vein; calyx tube and corolla tube hairy |
10. G. marantina |
| |
- Herba side and inflorescence smaller than the type species |
10a. G. marantina var. pauciflora |
| 10B. |
Bracts pink or yellow. |
|
| 12A. |
Bulbils rough |
11. G. globulifera |
| 12B. |
Bulbil with zigzag vein along the leagth. |
|
| 13A. |
Herba 20-40 cm high; leaf blade adaxial glabrous, abaxial hairy; bracts yellow |
12. G. parva |
| 13B. |
Herbs 50-60 cm high; leaf blade hairy on both surface; bracts pink. |
13. G. bicolor |
| 9B. |
Bulbil long, nearly cylindrycal; lbracts white |
14. G. cambodgensis |
3.19. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GAGNEPAINIA IN VIETNAM
| 1A. |
Calyx shorter corolla tube, 1.1-1.2 cm long |
1. G. harmandii |
| 1B. |
Calyx length by corolla tube, 6-7 mm long |
2. G. thoreliana |
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